It is an undeniable fact that Visman and Ingamells’s works provide valuable additions to the Theory of Sampling. This paper shows real cases where their approaches gave valuable information to better understand the complex heterogeneity of low content constituents that led to better sampling and subsampling protocols. These case studies are:

Cobalt assays in a lateritic ore led to the conclusion that some areas were very low in cobalt content. A closer look at the data using Ingamells’s approach proved that conclusion completely wrong.
The estimation of low content iron in high purity ammonium paratungstate using 1-gram subsamples for the analytical method proved to be affected by a severe Poisson Process giving the illusion of a product being within specification when in fact it was a very bad product.

It should be emphasized that there are probably thousands of similar cases in many industries, as the result of economists not communicating enough with knowledgeable technical staff.